Lawrence of Anbar

LA Times/Houston Chronicle:

Just like in the classic movie Lawrence of Arabia, the man's eyes are piercing below his tribal headdress.

He looks straight at you with a determined, uncompromising stare.

His word is law in his region of Anbar province. He allows no dissent in his tribe and is not opposed to using force to punish those he deems to be threats to him or his tribe.

There are many Sunni tribal sheiks in Anbar, but there is only one Sheik Lawrence.

His authority and name are inherited from his great-grandfather, one of the Bedouin leaders who rode beside the Englishman T.E. Lawrence during the World War I fight against the Ottoman Empire.

His tribe, the Anezi, is not particularly large, and the area he controls isn't prominent in Iraqi politics.

But as U.S. military and civilian officials have learned, he is a man to be reckoned with.

Sheik Lawrence — full name, Sheik Lawrence Mutib Hazan — is said to be connected to the Saudi royal family and has key contacts throughout the Persian Gulf and among the provincial government leadership in Ramadi and the Iraqi national government in Baghdad.

In partnership with the U.S., Sheik Lawrence routed insurgents from his domain in Anbar, centered in the desert village of An Nukhayb.

But his deal with the Americans came with a price. The U.S. is funding the reconstruction of the water wells and power distribution in An Nukhayb.

More recently, he has asked for U.S. help in settling the boundary dispute between Anbar and Karbala provinces, a request that the top Marine general in Iraq is trying to fulfill.

When the history of the U.S. involvement in Iraq is written, one focus will be the Americans' relationship with the sheiks of Anbar, the province that was the birthplace of the Sunni-led insurgency.

At first, the U.S. military sought to ignore them as cultural anachronisms — a decision it soon came to regret as the insurgency burgeoned.

Then came the Anbar Awakening, a pledge by some of the sheiks to side with the Americans against the insurgency. Within two years, Anbar went from lost cause to success story in the eyes of U.S. officials, even before the buildup of troops in Baghdad.

Figuring out the pecking order among sheiks has been a challenge for the U.S. military. Some sheiks have great authority; others pretend to. Some are what commanders have come to call "fake sheiks."

...

It took Saddam a while to understand the importance of the tribes too. He did not solidify his rule until he reached that understanding.

What this points out is the importance of the anthropologist in counterinsurgency warfare. You have to understand the people and the character of their relationships with others in order to work with them to defeat the enemy. In the Middle East and in Afghanistan the tribe is the primary vehicle of governance despite whatever central government they coexist with. Working with the tribes permits the bottom up reconciliation needed to defeat the enemy.

BTW, the Scot-Irish are also very tribal in their makeup, but it is usually meant tight family units.